The
Brahman Dona saw the Buddha sitting under a tree and was impressed by his
peaceful air of alertness and his good looks. He asked the Buddha:
"Are you a god?"
"No, Brahman, I am not a
god."
"Then an angel?"
"No, indeed,
Brahman."
"A spirit, then?"
"No, I am not a
spirit."
"Then what are
you?"
"I am awake."
-Anguttara Nikaya
Awakening To Reality and the Path to Enlightenment
The process of awakening to see and
understand reality is not an easy task for human beings to accomplish, but all humans on earth should try to evolve to a higher state of consciousness.
Most individuals that try to wake up to reality find out very soon that one can
never wake up completely to reality, because you are looking at reality from
the biological and physiological perspective of a living human animal, yourselves. To
understand how to wake up or become an enlightened individual, one must have an
open mind and understand how the human brain works. A person must use certain
tools that will help them control their mind, with such techniques as
meditation, and self-awareness practices that can expand ones ability to stop
or control certain thought processes from occurring in his or her mind. One will have
to accept reality according to your mind's intellectual abilities. The most
limiting factor in a person’s inability to see life as it really is through
other distorted delusions that you have accepted as reality in your mind.
First, what is meditation and how will it help us
discern what reality is?
Meditation is but one method of understanding reality.
I believe that’s why many Buddhist Monks have used different techniques, for
instance, a popular Japanese “Zen Koan” for example, which is quoted as, “What
was your original face before your parents were born?” Is that what reality is?
Of course, there are those limiting factors of your own mind, which will restrict your ability to understand the reality of the Koan. Your ability to
meditate on this particular “Zen Koan” and come to your own conclusion of what
it means to yourself is up to you and your intuitive abilities.
Every individual must take their own path on the
journey to enlightenment. If you look at life through your own mind's idea of
reality it will become distorted by your subconscious mind, and your memories, beliefs, and feelings about these thoughts.
So how can we separate our mind, and our feelings and emotions from the truth
of what is real?
Second, we need to understand the human mind better
and learn where our feelings and emotions come from in our minds.
To do this we must also learn how the human brain
really works and how we formulate ideas from these emotions that
occurred in our brain. Third, we need to train our mind and understand how to control our own brain functions.
We also need to understand the role that the world around us plays in the way we think and feel this includes our biological
body and the effect it has on our thought processes.
In the next essay in this blog called “How do you
feel?” I discussed how feelings and emotions affect our thinking process. I discussed
how we learn behavior as a child from our parent’s reactions to outside stimuli, as we also learn how they react emotionally to different situations happy or sad.
We then move on to school where we emulate that behavior in groups, and we test the
results through the reactions that we get from other people we observe. Some of our behavior is
acceptable by society's standards, and some of our behavior is frowned upon and
therefore discourage by others. From an early age on our parents devote their attention
to us and we are the center of our world. This mindset is a delusion that we must
overcome as time goes on and we perceive that we are not the center of our
worlds, and other people have the same perception in their minds as we did. We may get into a disagreement
with someone on the playground or in school and find that our opinion is not
the only opinion that exists. We grow up and learn from our interactions
with others that we are not the center of our world. This is the reality and may come as
a hardship for some people or a great awakening for others because it is only through shedding the self that we can be free to change and see the truth of what reality is.
I will now briefly discuss the evolution of the human brain.
Through science, we know the human brain has evolved over many thousands
of years, and this fact is undisputed through anthropological findings on this planet as well as other scientific findings on the human species. Neurologists now know through the study of the brain that the
amygdala area of the brain relates emotions and then communicates them with
different parts of the brain. The first part of the brain to develop was the spinal column entering the brain area called the "Medulla Oblongata," which communicates with the medulla area of the human brain, and the "Midbrain," or "Pons," as it is
termed in science. This area is where
the two hemispheres of the brain begin to separate into the two distinct
regions of the brain. This is the area that controls breathing and works with
the Medulla to relay signals between the medulla and the midbrain. The midbrain is right below the thalamus and
above the pons. The midbrain is between them. What you need to understand is that the brain developed over a long period of time. The nerves from the spine evolved into
our human brain. It evolved out of necessity like most anything else on
the planet earth.
The Brain Stem
The brain stem, between the top of the spinal cord and the cerebrum, consists of the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the midbrain--each only about 1 inch long. Despite its small size, the brain stem is a crucial component in the central nervous system. The medulla oblongata, connected to the spinal cord controls basic body function, such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. Located on the anterior of the medulla, the pons relays movement information between the cortex and the cerebellum. At the top of the brain stem, the midbrain coordinates and controls many sensory and motor functions of the human body. Running lengthwise through the center of the brain stem is a network of neurons called the reticular formation. With long axons that spread outward to other parts of the brain, these neurons are key to the spectrum of brain states we call consciousness.
The amygdala is an almond-shaped structure in the
brain; its name comes from the Greek word for “almond”. As with most other
brain structures, you actually have two amygdalae. Each amygdala is located
close to the hippocampus, in the frontal portion of the temporal lobe.
Humans use this area of the brain for the fight or flight
response when they are threatened by predators or other hostile animals or dangerous situations.
This is where the seed of emotion is born in the human brain, and this information also relays information to the midbrain and pons area of our brain to control our adrenaline and breathing as well as other basic functions to survive. I will not get into all the details of the human brain anatomy at this
time and the neurological implications to any great extent. Just to know that
the human brain plays a part in formulating our conceptual view of the mind and
how that view impacts us.
Scientists have now
found that we use almost all of our brain including the white matter that was
previously thought not to be used which is called the Cerebrum/cerebral cortex region. This part of the forebrain specializes in complex information processing and managing motor responses to sensory signals. Our brain is a complex biological part of
our bodies that are still not fully understood and neuroscience continues to
learn new things through neurological experiments and studies of the human
brain and our nervous system.
The path to enlightenment involves some understanding
of how the human brain works. As we grow and experience different things in
life we react and interact with others we gather information and we store that
information as well as behavioral patterns in our subconscious mind. The
conscious mind has been found to simply be the communication between different
areas of the brain which formulate a narrow view of reality.
A wise Zen monk once said, "Reality is a mirror
that has been fogged up by our personalities and mental views it is only
through meditation that we can clear some of the fog from the mirror to see a small portion of reality."
So you see the reality that we see in life is simply
based on what we know in our subconscious mind and how we gather this
information to formulate opinions that are sometimes not based on fact, but on
certain biases we have accumulated during our life, as well as some factual
information, emotional learned responses, social knowledge, geographical
location, and our biological and physiological existence as human beings. We
can therefore never really see reality in its entirety. However, we can learn
to see a greater amount of reality, and we can expand our consciousness and
become more enlightened individuals.
Meditation as a tool
to gain enlightenment
Right meditation is not escapism; it is not meant to provide
hiding-places for temporary oblivion. Realistic meditation has the purpose of
training the mind to face, to understand and to conquer this very world in
which we live.
-Nyanaponika Thera, "Power of Mindfulness"
Buddhist monks
have long sought to separate the self through meditation the no self-concept
and no mind concept, which are the paths to see reality as it is without being distorted
by a delusional existence of a self that does not exist within each of us.
Meditation is helpful in this respect, it is, therefore, necessary to train our minds to devoid the self and mind from existence. To see
the universe as it is without you in it, and to see it with you in it is to see
a glimpse of true reality. But nevertheless, we are limited to what our mind can
store as factual memories and formulate the scientific factual information into
a concept which you can, therefore, gain further insight from.
Without the use of language, we would have no thoughts
so it is therefore limited in the scope of the language we use to define the
terms that we use to determine reality. Words can have several meanings, and
they can be easily misunderstood, it is therefore considered to be a problem to
use words to describe enlightenment. Most Buddhist monks do not use words to
describe the enlightenment experience. There is no goal to be achieved in meditation. And enlightenment is not something to strive for. You will obtain it if you let go of the self, and walk your dharma path every day of your life. Enlightenment is simply a state of
being that you come to know through the truth of reality. (Some call it self—realization
without the self.) We will first discuss the process of meditation as it
pertains to enlightenment and understanding reality.
The different
types of Meditation and its history
There are several different types of Buddhist
meditation from the Buddhist traditions that I will discuss. Buddhism
originated in India and originally was thought of in two different respects the lesser vehicle being called Theravada meaning, “Teaching of the elders,”
Theravada promotes (individual) liberation from suffering and the” Mahayana
which means,” Greater Vehicle, Which promotes liberating all sentient beings from
suffering .” Siddhartha Gautama was the
founding father of Buddhism and discovered the middle path of enlightenment.
This eliminated the need for starvation and certain rituals that pertain to
abstaining from sex and all desires of the human mind and body. We will not get
into a complete history of Buddhism at this time, there are several good books
on the different styles and forms of Buddhism that you can obtain and read on
your own. One such book is called, " The Way of Zen," However, when Buddhism reached Japan it no longer was considered a
religion. I suggest if you wish to
understand how Buddhism changed over time and from continent to continent then
I would advise studying the history of Buddhism from its origination to the present-day forms of Japanese Buddhism by reading this book. Buddhism started out as a religion that has been
able to progress in time and adjust to the customs of several civilizations on earth, and
even to become a non-religious way of life, which still retains its core of
self-introspection as it was in its conception by the Buddha.
There is also mindfulness meditation which is
homologous to Buddhism and is only meant to help one increase their awareness
in the present moment. This is a type of meditation that is also similar to
that which is used in the Japanese schools of Buddhism.
As more people turn to meditation, they need more
simplified instructions so they can practice by themselves, without a teacher
around. There are already many comprehensive books on Buddhism as a philosophy
and on the theoretical aspects of Buddhist meditation. As I have said
previously you are encouraged to read any number of those books as you wish,
but try to stick to one that fits your needs, so you do not become confused.
There are very few qualified teachers of the Buddhist
style of meditation in the United States. Only those who follow the
instructions given here can say whether they have succeeded or failed. Only those
who meditate regularly and diligently can judge their effort. No words can
possibly cover every problem that an individual meditating may run into. You
will need to meet a qualified teacher eventually. In the meantime, however, these are the basic ground rules; a full understanding of these words will take
you a very long way.
As discussed previously there are several styles of
meditation that are practiced in Southeast Asia and many other countries I will explain mindfulness meditation, which is similar to that of the Buddhist
Japanese Soto and Rinzai sects. However, the Japanese Rinzai sect uses the
"Koan," which is a type of riddle that cannot be solved mentally and
only used by skilled Japanese Buddhist priests. Whereas the mindfulness method
of meditation does not, and the only purpose of it is to increase one's awareness in
the present moment.
One such
Japanese Koan riddle is, “what was your original face before your parents were
born?” Another popular Koan is, "What is the sound of one hand clapping?"
There is no set answer to this type of question. The question has no
intellectual answer; it is an intuitive answer that can only come from each
individual doing the meditation, and seeing true reality as it is can be difficult
to explain with words, but you will understand this more so, as you practice your
meditation.
Meditation began in India and progressed later by the Buddha to the “Middle Path.”
In Pali, the original language of the Theravada literature is called
Vipassana and Samatha; these are the forms of meditation which originated in
India
Vipassana can be translated as” insight,” a clear
awareness of exactly what is happening as it happens. Samatha can be translated
as” concentration” or” tranquility,” and is a state in which the mind is
focused only on one item, brought to rest, and not allowed to wander. When this
is done, a deep calm pervades body and mind, a state of tranquility that must
be experienced to be understood. Most systems of meditation emphasize the
Samatha component. The meditator focuses his or her mind on a certain item,
such as a prayer, a chant, a candle flame, and excludes all other thoughts and
perceptions from his or her consciousness. The result is a state of rapture,
which lasts until the meditator ends the session of sitting. It is beautiful,
delightful, meaningful, and alluring, but only temporary.
Vipassana meditation addresses the other component:
insight. The Vipassana meditator uses concentration as a tool by which his or
her awareness can chip away at the wall of illusion that blocks the living
light of reality. It is a gradual process of ever-increasing awareness into
the inner workings of reality itself. It takes years, but one day the meditator
chisels through that wall and tumbles into the presence of light; when the
transformation is complete, it is called liberation, and it’s permanent. Liberation
is not the goal of all Buddhist meditation. There can be no goal or striving to
achieve enlightenment or liberation in meditation. It is simply a way of life
such as the ancient TAO; which is pronounced Dow in Chinese, meaning “The Way.”
A brief history of the religions that shaped
the use
of meditation.
There are an enormous number of distinct sects within
Buddhism. They are divided into two broad streams of thought: Mahayana also
called the greater vehicle and Theravada also called the lesser vehicle.
Mahayana Buddhism prevails throughout East Asia, shaping the cultures of China,
Korea, Japan, née Paul, Tibet, and Vietnam. Most widely known of the Mahayana
system is Zen, practiced mainly in Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and the United
States. The Theravada system of practice prevails in South and Southeast Asia
in the countries of Sri Lanka, Thailand, Myanmar, Laos, and Cambodia.
Traditional Theravada literature describes the
techniques of both Samatha (concentration) and vipassana (insight) meditation.
There are 40 different subjects of meditation described in the Pali literature.
Pali literature is the language of ancient India they are recommended as
objects of concentration and subjects of investigation leading to insight. But this
is a basic starting instruction to meditation, and I will limit my discussion to the most fundamental of those recommended objects: Breathing.
This is an introduction to the attainment of
mindfulness through bare attention, and it is a clear comprehension of the whole process of breathing by using the breath as the primary focus of your
attention. The individual can then apply observations to the entirety of his or
her perceptual universe.
The individual meditating learns to watch changes
occurring in all physical experiences, feelings, and perceptions, and betters
to study his or her mental activities and the fluctuations in the character of
consciousness itself. All of these changes are occurring perpetually and are
present in every moment of our experiences.
How to get started with your meditation.
Meditation is a living activity and inherently
experimental activity. It cannot be taught as a purely scholastic subject. The
living heart of the process must come from the teacher's own personal
experience. Nevertheless, there is a vast fund of codified material on the
subject, produced by some of the most intelligent and deeply illuminated human
beings ever to walk the earth. This literature is worthy of attention. Most of
the points given here are drawn from those books.
If you have ever taken yoga classes you will understand
about breathing techniques. Start to breathe from your stomach inhaling
slowly and filling up your stomach first, and then breath up into your chest cavity.
This is a full breath. When you release the breath you reverse the process
until you have emptied the air from your stomach last. As you practice breathing
it is important to count how long it takes you to breathe in and out without
becoming lightheaded, or of having the feeling that you are not getting enough air.
When you reach this point count how long it takes to breathe in a complete
breath and then count how long it takes to breathe out a complete breath. This
will be the starting point of your meditation. If it takes you to the count of
eight to breathe in and then the count of eight to breathe out and you feel
comfortable with this method then its time to move on to sitting and
breathing. (Do not speed up or slow down your breathing or it will affect your
counting.) I will recommend that you start with the counting method of meditation, and later you
will move on as you get more accustom to counting your breaths to not counting
at all.
Sitting is an important part of meditation. A base
cushion is usually advised to begin with, this is called a Zabuton cushion and
can be obtained from any online sources of meditation equipment. A larger
smaller cushion is then placed on the larger cushion which is called a ZaFu.
When you position the ZaFu cushion it is important that it is fluffed up and
positioned to the rear of the Zabuton. You can have an altar or candlelit on
the floor, (about 3 to 4 feet in front of you) if you wish. It is also advised
to burn some incense if you wish. When you sit on the cushion to meditate, sit
on the forward edge of the ZaFu and move back and forth to find a place of
balance, keep your back straight and bow before you sit. When you sit, try to sit in across your legged position
which is comfortable for you.
Positions of Meditation
There are several sitting positions such as the full
Lotus, half lotus, and simply folded leg position with 1 foot resting on the
opposite leg in the back of the knee area or the Indian position of simply pulling your
legs in front of you. Some of these positions do not allow the stability you
may need while you meditate however you should try to find the one that allows
you the most stability; you can find diagrams of the positions online or in
most books on meditation. When you are sitting your back should be straight and
you should be sitting comfortably with your knees almost touching or touching
your base cushion or Zabuton. If you cannot get comfortable in this position or
you have injuries that prevent you from sitting in this way you can use a chair
if you wish or you can lie completely flat such as in a yoga corpse pose.
There is no reason that you cannot meditate.
Meditation does not require this specific position. During the process of
meditation, you will focus on your breathing and counting your breath to start
with. You should keep your eyes slightly open and you’re back straight. Your
gaze should be down at an object in front of you, which is what we talked about
previously. Your focus must remain on this object throughout your session. Try
not to let your eyes close and continue to stay alert.
The time you meditate does not matter you can start
with 10 minutes in the morning and 10 minutes in the evening and gradually
increased to 20 to 30 minutes at each session. You can add a bell to start your
session. There is no set limit of how much time you need to meditate in the
beginning. You should strive to reach 20
to 30 minutes after a while. I find it helpful to use an egg timer, so I am not
watching the clock all the time. In a zendo, meaning a place where
Buddhist meditation is done in a group such as Zen Buddhism; they will have
wood clappers followed by a bell to end and begin the session. The sessions last 30 minutes or more and are called
Zazen. This is followed by Kinhin which is walking meditation. A longer form
of meditation will teach you a lot and can go day to three days to a week and
is called a Zazenki, which is the Japanese Buddhist term for a longer
meditation retreat and consists of zazen, meals, walking meditation or Kinhin,
and the working meditation experiences are called "Samu" in Japanese. There is no talking out loud and no reading during this period. This is when you will come to a greater understanding of the state of
enlightenment. However, it is not necessary that you must do this but it is
very helpful.
In Summary, there are many meditation methods that you
can use but I will explain a beginning method that works well to get people
started. We will also compare some of the other methods of meditation to give you a different
perspective.
First, let us start with the counting of breaths as
you inhale, you will fill your stomach gradually up into the ribs and chest
area. The tongue in your mouth should be placed on the roof of your mouth and
your nostrils should be flared slightly. At first, you will hear some noise when
you are breathing. However, it is your ultimate goal not to make any noise
while breathing in and out that is the reason your tongue should be on the roof
of your mouth. This is to keep the saliva from dripping down into your throat
and forcing you to swallow making loud noises as you meditate. As you breathe
into the count of eight or wherever you’re comfortable taking your breath and
completing the process of filling your chest you may count the number you
breathes in and out; this would be a method of breathing in one and
breathing out two, you can count to 20 and then start over. If you lose track
you must start over again.
As you advance
in your counting, you can count just the out-breath as one, or you can count in
between breaths as one up to 10, and eventually reverse counting back down to
one again you will keep this process up until you have exhausted your 10
minutes or 20 minutes whichever you have chosen for your duration of
meditation.
So, the process in your mind would be, breathing in
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, One, and then breathing Out,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, then repeat the
breath and count to the second number, breath in 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, and count the number, "two" in your mind, this is your second breath, and then you will breathe out 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, and so on until you reach 10
breadths. Then you will start counting backward from 9 back down to 1 and back up again to 10. You
will keep this method up for at least 6 months to a year. And then you will
just focus on breathing.
If you lose count at any time you must start over
again. Your mind will wander and think of thoughts from time to time when you
lose count do not be discouraged by your mind wandering for this is the purpose
of getting to understand how meditation works.
You are simply to watch your thoughts come and go and
then bring your minds to focus back to your breathing and counting. Think of your
thoughts as if they were clouds floating over your head, just watch them come
and then drift away. Soon you will see where they came from and this will help
you understand your subconscious mind and self that you have created. After a
while, you will become better at this process.
Some times, for example, you may notice your mind thinking while you are driving
in town someday, “oh that so and so pulled out and cut me off, what a
sob.” And soon you will catch yourself
starting to say such things, and you will realize it is all coming from a self that does not exist except in your pre-programmed mind. Through your
meditation and understanding of your thoughts, you will be able to stop your
negative thoughts that enter your mind and replace them with understanding and
kindness. “(Maybe the guy is late for work or his wife has to be at the
doctor’s office,)” no one knows why people do what they do so don’t assume
things.
If you do this for six months to a year then you will
be ready to drop the counting and just focus on your breathing. You can still
use a candle and incense if you wish.
The process of sitting meditation is called zazen in
the Japanese tradition. Zazen is usually followed by Kinhin, which is walking
meditation. practiced between long periods of the sitting meditation known as
zazen. This type of meditation breaks up the sitting meditation of zazen and
allows you to meditate as you walk and gives you greater awareness of your
surroundings.
Mindfulness meditation also has walking meditation in
much the same way as Buddhism.
Selflessness of phenomena is something that we notice
when meditating. We think we are doing this already, but that is an illusion.
Vipassana is the oldest of Buddhist meditation practices. The method comes
directly from the Indian Satipatthana Sutra, a discourse attributed to the Buddha
himself.
Vipassana is direct and gradual cultivation of
mindfulness or awareness. It proceeds piece by piece over a period of years.
One’s attention is carefully directed to an intense examination of certain
aspects of one’s own existence, the meditator is trained to notice more and
more of the flow of, his or her life experiences. It is an ancient and codified system of training
your mind, a set of exercises dedicated to the purpose of becoming more and
more aware of your own life experiences. It is attentive listening, mindful
seeing, and careful testing. This type of meditation is very similar to the
zazen and sitting meditation and cultivation of enlightenment in the Japanese
culture.
There are many other techniques such as closing your
eyes while meditating and imagining a pleasant thought. Chanting a pleasant
saying, however, this is not the type of meditation I am discussing at this
time.
It is important to note that the eyes should be open
slightly with a forward gaze downward about 3 feet to 4 feet in front of you.
This type of meditation should not be confused with
other types of meditation in which your eyes would be closed. With the eyes, open one can focus on being aware of their surroundings as well as the thoughts
crossing their minds. What this practice does is strengthen the mind and
increase one's awareness to the point that you will be able to see the no-self
or true self. The self you created in your mind is an illusion and does not
exist in reality. The more you meditate the more you will understand this reality, and your mind will grow to a state of enlightenment.
The Buddha said" if you think you have come to know enlightenment then you have not yet reached it, and if you think that you have not reached the state of enlightenment, then you are enlightened. " Enlightenment is not a
goal to be achieved from meditation but is a byproduct of your meditation and your ability to shed your ego and self as you think you see them.
Constant practice is a requirement as any other
exercise that you may do to become physically fit your mind also needs a
regular schedule in which you can meditate daily. It is recommended that you
meditate in the morning and in the evening on a regular basis.
You should
start out in a quiet place. However, I
would strongly recommend starting with the counting method as you will soon
notice how your mind will drift from your counting, and your thoughts will tend
to wander, which will show you how out of control your mind really is. The term
for this is called "monkey mind." This is
long been a Buddhist saying when the mind wanders from one thought to another as if hopping from one tree to
another.
Advantages of Meditation and the Path of Enlightenment.
Human beings have created the self and their minds, and we have our illusions of life and a self which is the illusion of reality you have created, from your past and present experiences, worries, and frustrations our minds
wander, depending on what our day will be, and what our worries are for that
day, month, or year. Our minds will tend to wander from subject to subject, thought to thought,
and we will be influenced by our subconscious thoughts and beliefs which we
have developed over a lifetime of experiences. Words cannot fully explain what
you are experiencing daily. Words limit us and soon you will be able to see past the words and become enlightened.
Therefore, this guide is a method through the discoveries that
neuroscience has made about the functioning of the human brain, and the study
of meditation, that you will gain a better understanding of what is your reality and
your limitations. knowing what makes your mind think of a self without the distortions and
illusions that exist in your conscious mind and your subconscious mind. The path to
enlightenment is not a goal to be obtained but it can be achieved through practice and effort.
The path you take will be your own there is no
beginning or end to this journey.
Are you ready to Awaken to Reality and the
path to Enlightenment? The Buddhist path to enlightenment follows the
"Four Noble Truths" and The eight-fold path to enlightenment listed
below. This is not a religion but a way of life in the Japanese Rinzai and Soto sects of Buddhism.
The Four
Noble Truths
1. All life is suffering. (Dukkha)
2. The cause of suffering is desire. (Samsara)
3. Suffering can be ended. (Nirvana)
4. The way to Nirvana is to follow the eight-fold path
to enlightenment.
The eight-fold path to enlightenment
1. Right View or thought
2. Right intention
3. Right Speech
4. Right Action (Discipline)
5. Right Livelihood
6. Right Effort
7. Right Mindfulness
8. Right Concentration (Samadhi)
Five rules one should live by:
1) Be true to
your word
2) Don’t take
things personally
3) Don’t make
Assumptions
4) Always do
your best
5) Have your doubts, but learn to listen
These 5 rules are from the "Fifth Agreement" by Don Miguel Ruz and are simple to remember. Spiritual seekers keep an open mind and are open to other ideas and ways to live by.
Jay Rondone
